Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal Cancer: What It Is and How It Is Diagnosed
What Is Colorectal Cancer?
Colorectal cancer (CRC) refers to cancer that originates in the colon (large intestine) or rectum, which is the final portion of the digestive tract. It is one of the most common forms of cancer worldwide and primarily affects adults, particularly those over the age of 50. However, it can also develop in younger individuals, especially those with specific risk factors.
The development of colorectal cancer typically begins with the growth of polyps—small, abnormal growths on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. While most polyps are benign, some can turn cancerous over time. The process of transformation from a benign polyp to malignant cancer may take several years, which is why screening and early detection are crucial in preventing the progression of the disease.
Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer
While the exact cause of colorectal cancer is not fully understood, several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These include:
Age: People aged 50 and older are at a higher risk.
Family history: A family history of colorectal cancer or certain genetic conditions, like Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), increases risk.
Diet: A diet high in red meat and processed foods, and low in fiber, may contribute to an increased risk.
Lifestyle factors: Sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption can also increase risk.
Underlying conditions: Conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis) are linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
How Is Colorectal Cancer Diagnosed?
Diagnosing colorectal cancer involves a series of steps, including medical history review, physical exams, and several screening tests. Here are the most common diagnostic methods:
Screening Tests: Early detection is critical for improving survival rates in colorectal cancer. Several screening methods are available, including:
Colonoscopy: This is the most common and thorough screening tool. A flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the rectum and colon to visually inspect for abnormal growths or polyps. If any polyps are found, they can be removed during the procedure and sent for biopsy.
Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT): This test looks for hidden blood in the stool, which may indicate the presence of colorectal cancer.
Stool DNA Test: A newer test that analyzes stool samples for abnormal DNA that may indicate cancer or precancerous changes in the colon or rectum.
CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy): A non-invasive imaging test that uses CT scans to create detailed images of the colon and rectum. It is typically used when a standard colonoscopy is not feasible.
Blood Tests: Although not used for diagnosing colorectal cancer directly, blood tests can help assess overall health and identify any potential signs of cancer. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test is one blood test used to monitor individuals with known colorectal cancer but is not reliable for early detection.
Biopsy: If a polyp or abnormal tissue is detected during a colonoscopy, a small sample (biopsy) is taken and examined under a microscope to determine whether cancerous cells are present.
Imaging Tests: If colorectal cancer is suspected, imaging tests like CT scans, MRIs, or ultrasounds may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other organs, such as the liver or lungs.
Colorectal cancer is a common but preventable form of cancer. Understanding the symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic methods is essential for early detection and improving outcomes. Regular screenings, especially for those aged 50 and above or with higher risk factors, can significantly reduce the chances of developing advanced colorectal cancer.
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